If I had to choose one place to experience everyday Toulon in the morning, I would start around Cours Lafayette. The market brings Provençal colour, food and conversation into the streets between the harbour and the Old Town.
Expect fruit, vegetables, herbs, olives and other Mediterranean produce alongside products that vary with the season. Even if you are staying in a hotel and have no kitchen, the market is worth visiting for the atmosphere alone.
Go in the morning
This is a morning experience rather than something to leave until late afternoon. Arriving reasonably early also makes it easier to browse before combining the market with the rest of central Toulon.
Look beyond the stalls themselves. The surrounding streets, cafés and shops are part of the experience, and the market gives you a natural route between the port and historic centre.
A taste of Provence
Markets are sometimes presented as tourist attractions in southern France, but their real value is that they remain part of ordinary local life. Cours Lafayette is no exception.
I would use the visit as an excuse to try something local rather than simply taking photographs. Buy fruit, bread or a small snack, stop for coffee nearby and let the morning unfold slowly. Toulon makes more sense when you experience it at this pace.